when did pope clement vii serve as pope?

Clement VII was favored as a candidate by Emperor Charles V. This helped him overcome the opposition from France and finally become the pope on November 19, 1523. Despite desiring to, Clement VII couldn’t pursue the top positions in the church due to his illegitimate birth and was forced to join the military. Moreover, as Queen Catherine solemnly swore that the marriage between her-self and Henry’s elder brother Arthur had never been consummated, there had consequently never been any real affinity between her and Henry but only the impedimentum publicae honest atis. The holder of numerous church offices, he was made cardinal in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V and elected pope as Clement VIII on Jan. 30, 1592. King Francis I, who had appointed him as the cardinal protector of France, expected him to side with France. 1478; d. September 25, 1534. The youth was educated by his uncle, Lorenzo the Magnificent. When Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, died during a siege in the ongoing Sack of Rome, his troops went on a rampage in Rome. Pope Clement VIII was the 231st pope and reigned for more than 13 years. The next day, after a conclave lasting seven weeks, Medici was elected Pope and adopted the name of Clement VII. Clement VIII, pope from 1592 to 1605, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation. Pope Alexander VII's surgeon and confessor tried to persuade him not to go before the crowd on Easter Sunday of 1667, but he did … “The Lutherans”, says an impartial authority, “rejoiced to burn and to defile what all the world had adored. RELATED: Pope Benedict XVI Resigns: The Statement. By whatever motives the pontiff was swayed, this settlement certainly had the effect of restoring to Italy a much-needed peace. 1478; d.September 25, 1534. These last pretended reconciliation until the papal commanders were lulled into a sense of security. This prompte… Henry's friendship was of essential importance to the pope two years later, when Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, died childless (27 Oct., 1597), and Pope Clement resolved to bring the stronghold of the Este dynasty under the immediate jurisdiction of the Church. That Clement, instead of accepting Charles’ overtures, should have made himself a party to the French king’s perfidy and should have organized a league with France, Venice, and Florence, signed at Cognac, May 22, 1526, must certainly have been regarded by the emperor as almost unpardonable provocation. Clement’s commission empowered Wolsey and Campeggio to pronounce upon the sufficiency of the motives alleged in a certain specified document, viz. Henry in consequence shifted his ground, and showed how deep was the rift which separated him from the Holy See, by now urging that a marriage with a deceased husband’s brother lay beyond the papal powers of dispensation. This cleared the way for Pope Leo X to make Clement VII the leading Bishop, ‘the Cardinal’, in September 1513, and later the Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica. Italian Men, children: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, See the events in life of Pope Clement VII in Chronological Order. Who Is The Greatest Female Warrior In History? Pope. the Bull; but the Brief was not contemplated by, and lay outside, their commission. This was an instrument which decided the points of law beforehand, secure from appeal, and left only the issue of fact to be determined in England. Clement was anxious to gratify Henry, and he did not make much difficulty about the contingent dispensation from affinity, judging, no doubt, that, as it would only take effect when the marriage with Catherine was can-celled, it was of no practical consequence. In 1521, Clement’s efforts led to an alliance between the pope and the new emperor, Charles V, whose candidacy Leo had opposed. 1478?-1534. Towards the end of 1533, after returning to Rome from meeting with Francis I and Charles V, Pope Clement VII complained of severe stomach problems. He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members. Upon the death of Hadrian VI (1522 – 1523), during a conclave lasting fifty-five days, de’Medici was elected, taking the name of Clement VII. Urban VIII supported Jesuit missions in … In the fall of 1523, the unpopular Pope Adrian VI (who was Dutch, and the only non-Italian pope until John Paul II was elected in 1978) died. He finally made an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V against France. Pope Clement was involved in Italian and European political disputes. Many believed Clement VII was the fittest person to take charge of the papacy during one of the toughest times in world politics and religious faith. Between 1562 and … This was done with force and Church missions. But it was only in March, 1534, that the papal tribunal finally pronounced its verdict upon the original issue raised by the king and declared the marriage between Henry and Catherine to be unquestionably valid. Henry appealed from the pope to a general council, and in January, 1534, the Parliament pressed on further legislation abolishing all ecclesiastical dependence on Rome. to Rome. This prompte… In the 1600s coffee was wildly popular in the Ottoman Empire – so much so that Sultan Murad IV wanted to make the beverage illegal by decapitating anyone caught drinking coffee. Pope Clement VII (26 May 1478-25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de Medici, was Pope from 19 November 1523 to 25 September 1534, succeeding Pope Adrian VI and preceding Pope Paul III.. Within a year, he was appointed the Archbishop of Narbonne and eventually the cardinal protector of France by King Francis I of France. The doctors feared the worst, and on September 25, 1534, he died. Coffee has been around since the 9th century, when Islamic shepherds first noticed coffee beans having a stimulating effect on their sheep. Still he used his victory with moderation. Clement VII, POPE (GIUNTO DE’ MEDICI), b. Clement was certainly not such a man. As a patron of art, he was much hampered by the sack of Rome and the other disastrous events of his pontificate. Meanwhile events, the momentous consequence of which were not then fully foreseen, had been taking place in England. His intelligence was of a high order, though his diplomacy was feeble and irresolute. Giulio de’ Medici was born a few months after the death of his father, Giuliano, who was slain at Florence in the disturbances which followed the Pazzi conspiracy. After almost 50 days, Chamberlin wrote that the cardinals were switched to a diet of just bread and water. He started his Pontificate at the age of 79. The king on his side (1531) extorted a vast sum of money from the English clergy upon the pretext that the penalties of praemunire had been incurred by them through their recognition of the papal legate, and soon afterwards he prevailed upon Parliament to prohibit under certain conditions the payment of Annates (q.v.) After Adrian's death two years later, de' Medici was chosen pope, taking the name Clement VII, on November 18, 1523, amid much celebration in Rome. Campeggio reached England by the end of September, 1528, but the proceedings of the legatine court were at once brought to a standstill by the production of a second dispensation granted by Pope Julius in the form of a Brief. After his cousin Lorenzo II de Medici died in 1519, Clement VII took charge of Florence. https://www.livescience.com/8606-7-unholy-pope-scandals.html In the Battle of Pavia, Pope Clement VII lent his support to Emperor Charles V. King Francis I of France lost the battle and was imprisoned. In the more ecclesiastical aspects of his pontificate Clement was free from reproach. Pope Clement VII (1478-1534, Pope 1523-1534) was Pope during most of the First and Second Hapsburg-Valois Wars in Italy, and was seen as a weak, vacillating Pope whose actions or inactions led to the sack for Rome of 1527 and the English split with Rome of 1534. It seems probable that the Landsknechte, a very large proportion of whom were Lutherans, had really got completely out of hand, and that they practically forced the Constable Bourbon, now in supreme command, to lead them against Rome. Clement was born as Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Giuliano de Medici. Biography. Thus, he did a lot for the Church and Rome as a whole. Giovanni (Pope Leo X) died in 1521 and was followed by the Dutchman Adrian VI who only reigned one year. Clement VII, POPE (GIUNTO DE’ MEDICI), b. Pope Clement VII was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to 25 September 1534. During the Sack of Rome on May 6, 1527, 147 Swiss Guards were killed defending Pope Clement VII, who managed to escape to the fortress of … Pope from 1523 to 1534. The king’s impatience, however, was such that, without giving his full confidence to Wolsey, he sent his envoy, Knight, at once to Rome to treat with the pope about getting the marriage annulled. On September 23, 1513, he was made cardinal, and he had the credit of being the prime mover of the papal policy during the whole of Leo’s pontificate. Freeing the papacy from its dependence upon Spain was a primary objective. Moreover, the Brief did not limit the motives for granting the dispensation to certain specified allegations, but spoke of “aliis causis animam nostram moventibus”. To her right are Foxe, Day, and a third ence, the debasement of the second Medici pope Clement VII served to glorify figure, portrayed like donors in an altarpiece.128 The decorative border is composed Tudor and English supremacy. Originally Giulio de' Medici. Chamberlin commented that there was a great deal of political maneuvering to see who would be the next pope. He had held multiple important posts like those of Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica, Cardinal-Priest of San Clement, and Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso, before becoming the Archbishop of Florence. List of popes Knight found the pope a prisoner in Sant’ Angelo and could do little until he visited Clement, after his escape, at Orvieto. Giulio, in the words of a modern historian, was “learned, clever, respectable and industrious, though he had little enterprise and less decision” (Armstrong, Charles V., I, 166). Two Franciscan reforms, that of the Capuchins and that of the Recollects, found in him a sufficiently sympathetic patron. Clement VII grew up under the supervision of Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, the Italian Renaissance architect who was also his Godfather. The terms of the Treaty of Madrid (January 14, 1526) were not really extravagant, but Francis seems to have signed with the deliberate intention of breaking his promises, though confirmed by the most solemn of oaths. Clement played an influential role in the papacy of Adrian VI. In the mean time the German mercenaries in the north of Italy were fast being reduced to the last extremities for lack of provisions and pay. This had a double importance. At one time Clement concluded a truce with the emperor, at another he turned again despairingly to the League, at another, under the encouragement of a slight success, he broke off negotiations with the imperial representatives and resumed active hostilities, and then again, still later, he signed a truce with Charles for eight months, promising the immediate payment of an indemnity of 60,000 ducats. He pretended that his conscience was uneasy at the marriage contracted under papal dispensation with his brother’s widow. We cannot be much surprised at what followed. 18:16) and female sovereigns. Coffee is so addicting that even the threat of chopping off heads didn’t change coffee-drinkers’ habits. He was an Italian prince, a de’ Medici, and a diplomat first, and a spiritual ruler afterwards. Pope Adrian VI’s reign was short-lived as he passed away on September 14, 1523, within a year of him becoming the pope. Taking the name of Clement VIII, a name suggested to him by his confessor, Philip Neri, he would prove to have an unlimited capacity for work, a lawyer’s eye for detail and great capacity as a statesman. Pope Clement VII was known for his approval of science and for protecting the Jews from the Portuguese Inquisition. After a sojourn in Orvieto and Viterbo, Clement returned to Rome, and there, before the end of July, 1529, terms favorable to the Holy See were definitely arranged with Charles. What followed was the papacy of a man who had excelled as second in command but who proved to be lacking in the temperament needed to lead the church at this critical juncture in its history. Henry VIII, tired of Queen Catherine, by whom he had no heir to the throne, but only one surviving daughter, Mary, and passionately enamored of Anne Boleyn, had made known to Wolsey in May, 1527, that he wished to be divorced. The king was determined to effect his purpose, and Clement had sufficient principle not to yield the one vital point upon which all turned. The death of Archbishop Warham (August 22, 1532) allowed Henry to press for the institution of Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury, and through the intervention of the King of France this was conceded, the pallium being granted to him by Clement. Clement has been much blamed for this delay and for his various concessions in the matter of the divorce; indeed he has been accused of losing England to the Catholic Faith on account of the encouragement thus given to Henry, but it is extremely doubtful whether a firmer attitude would have had a more beneficial result. When Clement was crowned, Francis I and the Emperor Charles V were at war. There can be no doubt that. Time dragged on, and the conclave of cardinals failed to elect a successor. He was an Italian prince, a de’ Medici, and a diplomat first, and a spiritual ruler afterwards. On being pressed, however, to issue a commission to Wolsey to try the divorce case, he made a more determined stand, and Cardinal Pucci, to whom was submitted a draft instrument for the purpose, declared that such a document would reflect discredit upon all concerned. 16th Century Spiritual & Religious Leaders. Satan’s Drink. On May 26, 1478, Pope Clement VII was born as Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, in Florence, Republic of Florence. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/pope-clement-vii-37097.php. Pope Clement had to take refuge at the Castel Sant'Angelo and agreed to pay a sum of 400,000 ducati for his life. In their verdict upon the character of Pope Clement VII almost all historians are agreed. The seal was set upon the compact by the meeting of the emperor and the pope at Bologna, where, on February 24, 1530, Charles was solemnly crowned. Besides this, he was sorely in need of the imperial support both to make head against the Lutherans in Germany and to reinstate the Medici in the government of Florence from which they had been driven out. Giulio de’ Medici was born a few months after the death of his father, Giuliano, who was slain at Florence in the disturbances which followed the Pazzi conspiracy. (See Benvenuto Cellini.) Pope … And they were soon put to the test. Pope Clement VII was also known as: Giulio de' Medici Pope Clement VII is noted for: Failing to recognize and deal with the significant changes of the Reformation.Indecisive and in over his head, Clement's inability to stand strong against the powers of France and the Holy Roman Empire made an unstable situation worse. But he was keenly interested in such matters, and according to Benvenuto Cellini he had excellent taste. He was made a Knight of Rhodes and Grand Prior of Capua, and, upon the election of his cousin Giovanni de’ Medici to the papacy as Leo X, he at once became a person of great consequence. He successfully managed to control the civic bodies and the economy, restoring the city of Florence. Moreover, he chafed under dictation which seemed to him to threaten the freedom of the Church. Charles disavowed the action of the Colonna but took advantage of the situation created by their success. – Pope Clement VIII, reportedly . With regard to Germany, though Clement never broke away from his friendship with Charles V, which was cemented by the coronation at Bologna in 1530, he never lent to the emperor that cordial cooperation which could alone have coped with a situation the extreme difficulty and danger of which Clement probably never understood. A commission was indeed granted and taken back to England by Foxe, but it was safeguarded in ways which rendered it practically innocuous. On January 5, 1531, Pope Clement VII sends a letter to King Henry VIII of England forbidding him to remarry under penalty of excommunication. Still he had no objection against the pope bearing the full consequences of his shifty diplomacy, and he allowed him to remain a virtual prisoner in the Castle of Sant’ Angelo for more than seven months. Also Known As: Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, Spiritual & Religious Leaders He then adopted the name of Urban VIII. Clement X (29 April 1670 - 22 July 1676) is the oldest elected Pope. When King Henry VIII of England wanted to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of Emperor Charles V, Pope Clement VII couldn’t approve of it as he was a captive of the latter. Having previously served as the Archbishop of Florence, he took charge of the papacy during a very delicate situation, right after the end of the Italian Renaissance. In particular, the pope seems to have had a horror of the idea of convoking a general council, foreseeing, no doubt, grave difficulties with France in any such attempt. CLEMENT VIII, POPE Pontificate: Jan. 30, 1592, to March 5, 1605; b. Ippolito Aldobrandini, Fano, Italy, Feb. 24, 1536. King Henry VIII of England appointed him the cardinal protector of England in January 1514, and Clement VII’s diplomatic journey began. He was the last pope in history to expand the papal territory. When members of his court implored Pope Clement VIII to denounce coffee, the pontiff insisted on trying a cup before he cast his verdict. He was one of the most favored candidates in the protracted conclave which resulted in the election of Adrian VI; neither did the Cardinal de’ Medici, in spite of his close connection with the luxurious regime of Leo X, altogether lose influence under his austere successor. But though he probably feared that the bonds might be drawn tighter, it is hard to see that he had at that time any serious ground of complaint. But the sacrifice was ineffectual. Clement was the fourth pope to reside in Avignon, and the continued existence of the Avignon Papacy did nothing to lessen the problems that the papacy had with Italy. Papacy. In their verdict upon the character of Pope Clement VII almost all historians are agreed. You can learn more about Pope Clement VIII and his life in this article. Pope Clement VII (1478 – 1534). The commission was to be shown to no one, and was never to leave Campeggio’s hands. Related pages. He later became the Grand Prior of Capua but after the death of his uncle, Lorenzo the Magnificent, he joined the church. Almost immediately after his consecration Cranmer proceeded to pronounce judgment upon the divorce, while Henry had previously contracted a secret marriage with Anne Boleyn, which marriage Cranmer, in May, 1533, declared to be valid. On the other hand, his private life was free from reproach, and he had many excellent impulses, but despite good intention, all qualities of heroism and greatness must emphatically be denied him. The very existence of the Tudor dynasty was in question because Henry did not have a Prince of Wales! But did you know that the popularity of coffee in the West is largely due to Pope Clement VIII (1536-1605)? Then the Colonna made a sudden attack upon Rome and shut up Clement in the Castle of Sant’ Angelo while their followers plundered the Vatican (September 20, 1526). Though he was a prospect for the pontificate when Leo died in 1521, Clement lost the election to Hadrian VI, the former Adrian Florensz and bishop of Utrecht. It was only then that Clement at last took the step of launching a sentence of excommunication against the king, declaring at the same time Cranmer’s pretended decree of divorce to be invalid and the marriage with Anne Boleyn null and void. Other developments followed. He is also remembered for securing the southern European island of Malta for the Knights of Malta. Anne Boleyn was consequently crowned on June the 1st. With a reputation of serving his previous posts with dignity and distinction, Clement VII faced many challenges like the ‘Protestant Reformation’, foreign invasion, bankruptcy as well as getting caught between two powerful kings, Francis I of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. During the unfortunate events of ‘Sack of Rome’ in 1527, he was captured and imprisoned by Charles V. Upon his escape from confinement, Clement VII was forced to compromise the church’s independence. Of an old and distinguished Florentine family, the fourth son of Silvestro aldobrandini and Lisa Deti, Ippolito studied law at Padua, Perugia, and Bologna, where he received the doctorate. An illegitimate son of Giuliano de’ Medici (not to be confused with Giuliano de’ Medici, duc de Nemours , his cousin), he was reared by his uncle Lorenzo the Magnificent . However, the king’s reputation of controlling the churches in France displeased Clement VII. When Leo X died in 1521, Cardinal de' Medici helped get Adrian IV elected pope. Giulio di Giuliano de Medici was born in Florence, Republic of Florence on 26 May 1478, the son of Giuliano de Medici and his mistress Fioretta Gorini. The Roman citizens complained and the cardinals grew frustrated. Clement showed much weakness in the concessions he had made to the English demands; but it must also be remembered, first, that in the decision of this point of law, the technical grounds for treating the dispensation as obreptitious were in themselves serious and, secondly, that in committing the honor of the Holy See to Campeggio’s keeping, Clement had known that he had to do with a man of exceptionally high principle. He grew up along with his cousins Piero, Giuliano, and Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici who later became Pope Leo X. Things were not improved when Henry, through his envoy Bonner, who found Clement visiting the French king at Marseilles, lodged his appeal to a future general council on the divorce question. How far the pope was influenced by Charles V in his resistance, it is difficult to say; but it is clear that his own sense of justice disposed him entirely in favor of Queen Catherine. Having previously served as the Archbishop of Florence, he took charge of the papacy during a very delicate situation, right after the end of the Italian Renaissance. The papal nuncio was withdrawn from England and diplomatic relations with Rome broken off. He also commissioned many popular artworks for various churches. Charles had supported Clement’s candidature and hoped much from his friendship with the Medici, but barely a year had elapsed after his election before the new pope concluded a secret treaty with France. Pope Clement VII synonyms, Pope Clement VII pronunciation, Pope Clement VII translation, English dictionary definition of Pope Clement VII. Clement VII, original name Giulio de’ Medici, (born May 26, 1478, Florence [Italy]—died September 25, 1534, Rome), pope from 1523 to 1534. Rapes, loot, vandalism and murders marked the end of the ‘Renaissance Rome’. He was the illegitimate son of Giuliano de Medici, the co-ruler of Florence, and the nephew of the great statesman Lorenzo de' Medici (popularly known as Lorenzo the Magnificent). Churches were desecrated, women, even the religious, violated, ambassadors pillaged, cardinals put to ransom, ecclesiastical dignitaries and ceremonies made a mockery, and the soldiers fought among themselves for the spoil” It seems probable that Charles V was really not implicated in the horrors which then took place. Pope Clement VII was known for his enthusiasm towards arts as well as science. Clement VII became the Archbishop of Florence the same year, and a papal dispensation cleared all the constraints due to his birth illegitimacy. Of pope Clement VII had to take refuge at the age of 79. https: //www.livescience.com/8606-7-unholy-pope-scandals.html pope VIII... He was an Italian prince, a de ’ Medici ), b defile. Life in this article the time ”, says an impartial authority, “ to! 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