naval battle of guadalcanal outcome

Having halted the Japanese advance at the Battle of Midway in June 1942, Allied forces launched their first major offensive two months later when US Marines landed on Guadalcanal. Of these, the 35th Infantry Brigade under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi was at Palau, the 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th (Ichiki) Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki, was on board transport ships near Guam. One of Kondo's destroyers was also sunk during the engagement. The directive held that the eventual goal was the American reconquest of the Philippines. [143], At 22:40 on 30 November, Tanaka's force arrived off Guadalcanal and prepared to unload the supply barrels. [60] The transports were guarded by 13 warships commanded by Japanese Rear Admiral Raizō Tanaka, who planned to land the troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August. [31] A Japanese patrol aircraft from Tulagi had searched the general area the Allied invasion fleet was moving through, but missed seeing the Allied ships due to severe storms and heavy clouds. The few Japanese who survived the battles fled to Florida Island, which had been scouted by the 2d Marines on D-Day and found clear of the enemy. ThoughtCo. 348–350; Shaw, pp. [36] With some difficulty, the Marines secured all three islands: Tulagi on 8 August, and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August. Hit by over 50 shells, Kirishima was crippled and later sank. Griffith, pp. The Marine fighters went into action the next day on the first of the almost-daily Japanese bomber air raids. Tropical diseases and a lack of food felled many more of Shōji's men. Believing he had won the battle, Kondo pressed forward unaware of Lee's battleships. Hyakutake realized that he could not send sufficient troops and matériel to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal and at the same time support the major ongoing Japanese offensive on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea. The remains of military equipment and of several aircraft can be seen in this well-kept open-air museum. After dark, Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondo's force approached to bombard Henderson Field. 197–198, Crenshaw, p. 136, Frank, pp. At 1:48 AM, Abe ordered his flagship, Hiei, and a destroyer to turn on their searchlights. While covering this convoy the aircraft carrier USS Wasp was scuttled[90] after being hit by torpedoes from the Japanese submarine I-19 southeast of Guadalcanal. The 15-mile-long (24 km) trail traversed some of the most difficult terrain on Guadalcanal, including numerous rivers and streams, deep, muddy ravines, steep ridges, and dense jungle. The rest of Tanaka's warships abandoned the supply mission, increased speed, turned, and launched a total of 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright's cruisers. Consisting of the battleships Hiei and Kirishima, the light cruiser Nagara, and 11 destroyers, Abe's group was tasked with bombarding Henderson Field to prevent Allied aircraft from attacking Tanaka's transports. Frank, p. 60; Jersey, p. 95. [160], The U.S. Navy suffered such high personnel losses during the campaign that it refused to publicly release total casualty figures for years. 62–64; Toland, p. 426. Additionally, larger fleet engagements, like the inconclusive Battle of Santa Cruz (October 25-27, 1942), were fought as both sides sought to gain control of the waters around the Solomons. Moving to defend Henderson Field and block Kondo's advance, Lee arrived off Savo Island and Guadalcanal on the evening of November 14. Evans, pp. Between 9 and 11 November, Shōji and between 2,000 and 3,000 of his men escaped into the jungle to the south. At first, the Allied offensive was planned just for Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands, omitting Guadalcanal. [32] The landing force split into two groups, with one group assaulting Guadalcanal, and the other Tulagi, Florida, and nearby islands. [147], On 12 December, the Japanese Navy proposed that Guadalcanal be abandoned. The army was to be supported by Japanese naval units, including the Combined Fleet under the command of Isoroku Yamamoto, which was headquartered at Truk. The toll of Marines dead on the three islands was 144; the wounded numbered 194. Attacks by the Kuma battalion and Oka's unit at other locations on the Lunga perimeter were also defeated. 540–560; Morison. Smith, p. 88; Evans, p. 158; and Frank, pp. The Guadalcanal campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy. Hornfischer, Neptune's Inferno, pp. After fruitlessly chasing the Washington towards the Russell Islands, Kondo ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. [119], The American offensive began on 1 November and, after some difficulty, succeeded in destroying Japanese forces defending the Point Cruz area by 3 November, including rear echelon troops sent to reinforce Nakaguma's battered regiment. 339–341; Hough, p. 330; Rottman, p. 62; Griffith, pp. By the end of August, 64 aircraft of various types were stationed at Henderson Field. By now, though, the battalion had joined Oka's forces near the Matanikau. Scott's force was in a position to cross the T of Gotō's unsuspecting formation. Japan also lost control of the southern Solomons and the ability to interdict Allied shipping to Australia. A failure to achieve air supremacy forced Japan to rely on reinforcement by barges, destroyers, and submarines, with very uneven results. Both were battles that strained the logistical capabilities of the combatant nations. Large oil or gas drums were cleaned and filled with medical supplies and food, with enough air space to provide buoyancy, and strung together with rope. Throughout the day of 15 October, a string of CAF aircraft from Henderson bombed and strafed the unloading convoy, destroying three of the cargo ships. [165] The Allied victory at Guadalcanal was the first step in a long string of successes that eventually led to the surrender of Japan and the occupation of the Japanese home islands. 62–64; Griffith, p. 268; Frank, pp. [54], In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's (IJA) 17th Army, a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake, the task of retaking Guadalcanal. Other books and films about the campaign include: South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Air battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses, Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse, Zimmerman documents the participation by native Solomon Islanders in the campaign at, Jersey, pp. [112], Sumiyoshi was informed by Hyakutake's staff of the postponement of the offensive to 24 October, but was unable to contact his troops to inform them of the delay. Allied Powers (United States) Robert L. Ghormley William Halsey, Jr. Richmond K. Turner Alexander A. Vandegrift Alexander Patch Empire of Japan Isoroku Yamamoto Nishizo Tsukahara Jinichi Kusaka Hitoshi Imamura Harukichi Hyakutake Fletcher withdrew from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task forces on the evening of 8 August. [166][167], The "Europe first" policy of the United States had initially only allowed for defensive actions against Japanese expansion, in order to focus resources on defeating Germany. [65] A Japanese transport was sunk, and the older destroyer Mutsuki was so badly damaged that it had to be scuttled. The raids killed 35 Japanese at a cost of 17 Marines and three U.S. Navy personnel killed. Cowdrey (1994) p. 71: "Of the 19,200 dead, only 8,500 were 'killed in actual combat,' the majority perishing by malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and beriberi." Despite the strategic defeat and loss of the battleship Hiei, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of Japans Combined Fleet, was determined to try again to break the deadlock and win the war. The Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the first prolonged campaigns in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. The bombardment heavily damaged both runways, burned almost all of the available aviation fuel, destroyed 48 of the CAF's 90 aircraft, and killed 41 men, including six CAF pilots. Attempts to use only submarines the last two weeks in November failed to provide sufficient food for Hyakutake's forces. Frank, p. 79. Although an apparent tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk and damaged, the loss by the Japanese of many irreplaceable, veteran aircrews provided a long-term strategic advantage for the Allies, whose aircrew losses in the battle were relatively low. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}9°26′44″S 160°01′13″E / 9.44556°S 160.02028°E / -9.44556; 160.02028, Army: 19,200 dead, of whom 8,500 were killed in combat[9]. [168] By the end of 1942, it was clear that Japan had lost the Guadalcanal campaign, a serious blow to Japan's strategic plans for the defense of their empire and an unanticipated defeat at the hands of the Americans. The aircraft at Henderson became known as the "Cactus Air Force" (CAF) after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal. [142] Notified by intelligence sources of the Japanese supply attempt, Halsey ordered the newly formed Task Force 67, comprising four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of U.S. Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright, to intercept Tanaka's force off Guadalcanal. On 22 August five U.S. Army Bell P-400 Airacobras and their pilots arrived at Henderson Field. U.S. Marine artillery, cannon, and small arms fire repulsed the attacks, destroying all the tanks and killing many of the Japanese soldiers while suffering only light casualties. The continued Japanese advance threatened the lines of communications from the United States to Australia and New Zealand. The Japanese defenders, who had occupied those islands since May 1942, were outnumbered and overwhelmed by the Allies, who captured Tulagi and Florida, as well as the airfield – later named Henderson Field – that was under construction on Guadalcanal. The damage done to Tanaka's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons caused the Japanese to reconsider trying to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport. The bombardment force continued south and came under air attack late in the afternoon of 14 November, during which they were also attacked by the submarine Flying Fish, which launched five torpedoes (but scored no hits) bef… The Americans counted the bodies of 450–475 Japanese dead in the Koli Point area and captured most of Shōji's heavy weapons and provisions. Having taken heavy casualties on the 13th, the overall Allied commander in the area, Admiral William "Bull" Halsey detached the battleships USS Washington (BB-56) and USS South Dakota (BB-57) as well as 4 destroyers from USS Enterprise's (CV-6) screening force as Task Force 64 under Rear Admiral Willis Lee. [97], In the second action between 6 and 9 October a larger force of Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd Infantry Division under the command of generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu, and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment. [124], Tokyo Express runs on 5, 7, and 9 November delivered additional troops from the Japanese 38th Infantry Division, including most of the 228th Infantry Regiment, to Guadalcanal. [94], The Japanese immediately began to prepare for their next attempt to recapture Henderson Field. Throughout the day of 14 November, aircraft from Henderson Field and the Enterprise attacked Mikawa's and Tanaka's ships, sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports. Over the same two days American aircraft from Henderson Field defended against attacks by Japanese aircraft and ships, destroying 14 aircraft and sinking a light cruiser. [44], As the transports unloaded on the night of 8–9 August, two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers, under the command of British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC, were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 8th Fleet based at Rabaul and Kavieng and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa. The Battle of Tassafaronga, sometimes referred to as the Fourth Battle of Savo Island or, in Japanese sources, as the Battle of Lunga Point, was a nighttime naval battle that took place on November 30, 1942, between United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships during the Guadalcanal Campaign. The eight-hour round-trip flight from Rabaul to Guadalcanal, about 1,120 miles (1,800 km), seriously hampered Japanese efforts to establish air superiority over Henderson Field. 221–222; Smith, p. 129; Griffith, pp. A failure to achieve air superiority forced Japan to rely on reinforcement by barges, destroyers, and submarines, with very uneven results. Helena followed in an attempt to protect the cruiser from further harm. This left only one Allied aircraft carrier (USS Hornet) in operation in the South Pacific area. 499–502. Approximately 20,000 U.S. Marines and 40,000 U.S. Army troops were deployed on Guadalcanal at different times during the campaign. During the 1942-43 campaign for the southern Solomon Island of Guadalcanal, many naval battles were fought to cement the material advantage gained by the Allies after the stunning Japanese losses at the Battle of Midway. Meanwhile, Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area. Ashore, the Japanese suffered a sharp defeat when their offensive in late October was turned back by the Allies (Battle of Henderson Field). Zimmerman, pp. In four days of intense effort, the supplies were moved from the landing beach into dispersed dumps within the perimeter. The Allies had gained a strategic initiative which they never relinquished. As a result, by 08:00 on 26 October, Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat. That ended Japanese efforts to resupply or evacuate the Japanese forces that had become trapped on Bougainville. Unable to reinforce or adequately supply Guadalcanal, the Japanese Navy recommended that it be abandoned on December 12, 1942. After some difficulty, the Allies captured all three by 23 January. 198–200. 139–142; Morison. [113], Finally, late on 24 October, Maruyama's forces reached the U.S. Lunga perimeter. [24], In preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, U.S. Marine Major General Alexander Vandegrift was ordered to move his 1st Marine Division from the United States to New Zealand. Frank notes that the Bureau of Personnel, World War II Casualty List, Books 2 and 3, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. lists US Navy wounded over the course of the campaign as 2,953, (Frank, p. 644) but this number appears to be an understatement. "The Naval Battles for Guadalcanal 1942" is a very informative Osprey Campaign series entry detailing the vicious struggle between the Imperial Japanese Navy and the U.S. Navy and its allies for control of the sea space around Guadalcanal. The Hiei sank later that day after repeated air attacks by aircraft from CAF and the carrier Enterprise. [James D.] Hornfischer deftly captures the essence of the most pivotal naval campaign of the Pacific war.”—San Antonio Express-News The Battle of Guadalcanal … 237–244; Frank, pp. The Japanese air forces were slowly losing a war of attrition in the skies above Guadalcanal. The U.S. force, under the command of Willis A. Lee aboard the Washington, reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November, shortly before Kondo's bombardment force arrived. Beginning on 8 November, the American troops attempted to encircle Shōji's forces at Gavaga Creek near Koli Point. 367–371. 318–322. Both the Americans and the Japanese were short of ships. Dull, pp. Early in the campaign, the Americans wer… The Japanese launch several air attacks against US shipping near the island, but they fail to cause much damage. Those efforts were thwarted at the naval battles of Coral Sea and Midway respectively. Their last troops left the island on the evening of 7 February, six months to the day from when the U.S. forces first landed. [92], A lull occurred in the air war over Guadalcanal, with no Japanese air raids between 14 and 27 September due to bad weather, during which both sides reinforced their respective air units. 132–133; Jersey, p. 203; and Smith, pp. [49], Allied troops encountered a severe strain of dysentery soon after the landings, with one in five Marines afflicted by mid-August. [14][15] Originally, the objectives were the occupation of the Santa Cruz Islands (codenamed Huddle), Tulagi (codenamed Watchtower), and "adjacent positions". At this point, Tanaka withdrew and rescheduled the supply run for the night of 28 August, via the remaining destroyers. After briefly occupying the two villages, the three Marine companies returned to the Lunga perimeter, having killed about 65 Japanese soldiers while losing four Marines. [98], Between 9 and 11 October the U.S. 1st Battalion 2nd Marines raided two small Japanese outposts about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Lunga perimeter at Gurabusu and Koilotumaria near Aola Bay. As Kondo's warships concentrated on the South Dakota, the Washington approached the Japanese ships unobserved and opened fire on the Kirishima, smashing into the Japanese battleship repeatedly with both main and secondary battery shells, and causing fatal damage. [154], In the meantime, the Japanese 17th Army withdrew to the west coast of Guadalcanal while rear guard units checked the American offensive. The convoy on 1 September also brought 392 Seabees to maintain and improve Henderson Field. On 26 November, the 17th Army notified Imamura that it faced a food crisis. Hyakutake sent Colonel. Major ground units were staged through large encampments and barracks on Guadalcanal before deployment further up the Solomons. [46], The 11,000 Marines on Guadalcanal initially concentrated on forming a loose defensive perimeter around Lunga Point and the airfield, moving the landed supplies within the perimeter and finishing the airfield. 582–588, 757–758; Jersey, pp. Either inability or unwillingness prevented Allied naval commanders from frequently challenging Japanese naval forces at night, so the Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during nighttime. Admiral Chester Nimitz, based at Pearl Harbor, was designated as overall Allied commander in chief for Pacific forces. As Mikawa was leaving the area the next day, he was spotted by Allied aircraft and lost the heavy cruisers Kinugasa (sunk) and Maya (heavily damaged). Meanwhile, Washington stalked Kirishima before opening fire with devastating effect. Sighting the cruisers, Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked that same evening and heavily damaged the cruiser Chicago. About half of Maruyama's survivors were ordered to retreat back to the upper Matanikau Valley while the 230th Infantry Regiment under Colonel Toshinari Shōji was told to head for Koli Point, east of the Lunga perimeter. After evading several torpedo attacks, Washington attempted to lead the Japanese out of the area. [130], U.S. reconnaissance aircraft spotted the approach of Abe's bombardment force and passed a warning to the Allied command. [121], As the American troops began to move, Shōji and his soldiers began to arrive at Koli Point. The next morning, the Marines found that the Japanese defenders had departed during the night, so the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter by boat. For the United States, this need prompted the development of effective combat air transport for the first time. 195–196; Miller, pp. 40–41; Griffith, pp. 199–200; Jersey, p. 85; and Lundstrom, p. 5. To further those goals, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain and Guam. Hara, pp. Between 16 and 18 October, the 2nd Division began their march along the Maruyama Road. 304–305, 345–346, 363, 365; Hough, pp. Joining the U.S. in the war against Japan were the rest of the Allied powers, several of whom, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands, had also been attacked by Japan. This force sortied from Truk on 23 August. Rottman, p. 61; Griffith, p. 152; Frank, pp. 534–539; Toland, pp. The bait carrier Ryūjō was hit by several 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs, then by an aerial torpedo; she was then abandoned, and sank that night. The IJA requested assistance from Yamamoto to deliver the needed reinforcements to the island and to support the next offensive. Dull, pp. 131–133; Frank, pp. As a result, the Allied and Japanese ships became intermingled at close range. 101 ], at 22:40 on 30 November 700 to 800 survivors were still with him for! The attack was set for 22 October, then changed to 23 October, then changed to 23 October then! Infantry was severely understrength because of the men in Ichiki 's surviving troops, killing many more them! 23Rd `` Americal '' Divisions 553 ; Zimmerman, pp carrier-based aircraft as its military-industrial complex unable... 'S heavy weapons and provisions to have a telling strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the destroyers. 156 ; and Smith, p. 502 ; Morison, Frank, pp and Admiral Scott.... 12-15, 1942, during World War II ( 1939-1945 ) and attacked Kokumbuna village time there were exactly Marines. 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